Children and adults are among the casualties. Police say the shooter also used knives and stabbed his victims before fleeing the scene.
At least 22 children were killed in the attack, with the youngest victim killed at just two years old.
The shooter, 34, was fired from being an officer in June for drug use, police said.
One teacher who survived the attack said that the gunman used to drop off his children at the daycare.
"The shooter came in around lunchtime and shot four or five officials at the childcare center first," a local official Jidapa Boonsom said, according to Reuters.
The gunman forced his way into a locked room where children were sleeping after killing the officials.
Police have identified the attacker as Panya Kamrab, a former police lieutenant colonel before being fired for drug use. He appeared in court on Tuesday for the charges and was being investigated for possibly selling methamphetamine.
Police say Kamrab returned home, killing his wife and son before taking his own life. There is no known motive for the attack.
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